Digital twins built from physics-based multi-scale model framework integrating coupled behaviour of:

• Geometry

• Trajectory

• Shock Structure

• Aerodynamics

• Aerothermodynamics

• Conjugate Heat Transfer

• Propulsion

• Material

• Payload Position

to assess scientific and strategic trades including, but not limited to:

• Payload Health Monitor

• Mission Optimization

• Dispersion Analysis

• Threat Recognition

• Policy Advice