Currently, Earth's orbit contains roughly 15,000 active satellites and over 50,000 trackable objects, including defunct satellites, rocket bodies, and fragmentation debris.

The trajectory of a hypersonic vehicle is often constrained by the integral and peak aerothermal loads experienced during flight.

Space missions often encounter hypersonic physics during the re-entry of interplanetary vehicles.

During Artemis I, localized Avcoat material deterioration raised questions about thermal margins and how the re-entry environment should be interpreted